\n<\/p>\n
\u0130ran\u2019da protestolar\u0131n \u015fiddetlenmesiyle ge\u00e7en hafta ba\u015flayan internet kesintisi 90 saati a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcredir devam ediyor. Uzmanlara g\u00f6re son internet ve ileti\u015fim kesintisi, bug\u00fcne kadar g\u00f6r\u00fclen en kapsaml\u0131 ve en sert bilgi ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 karartmas\u0131 niteli\u011finde.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Mobil \u015febekeler tamamen devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kal\u0131rken, cep telefonlar\u0131nda sinyal al\u0131nam\u0131yor ve uluslararas\u0131 aramalar da kesik. Bu y\u00fczden haber kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ran\u2019dan sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bilgi ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 da \u00e7ok zorla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u0130ran’da normalde de internet eri\u015fimi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde i\u00e7 a\u011f ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in yurtta\u015flar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyayla ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131. Bu t\u00fcrden a\u011f ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131na \u201cintranet\u201d ad\u0131 veriliyor. Ancak mevcut protestolar s\u0131ras\u0131nda yetkililer ilk kez bu a\u011f\u0131 da ciddi \u015fekilde k\u0131s\u0131tlad\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u0130RAN\u2019IN YEREL \u0130NTERNET\u0130: \u201c\u0130NTRANET\u201d NED\u0130R?<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u0130ntranet, internetin \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve kontroll\u00fc\u201d bir versiyonu gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n Bu kavram, bir kurumun ya da bir devletin yaln\u0131zca kendi kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131ndaki, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya kapal\u0131 \u00f6zel a\u011flar\u0131 ifade ediyor. Burada kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n bu \u00f6zel a\u011f d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki a\u011flara s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 eri\u015fimi oluyor ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar devletin izin verdi\u011fi VPN’ler ile k\u00fcresel a\u011fda belirli hizmetlere ba\u011flanabiliyor.<\/p>\n \u0130ntranette, mant\u0131ken internetle ayn\u0131 teknolojiler kullan\u0131l\u0131yor (web siteleri, sunucular, e-posta gibi) ama bunlar genel internete a\u00e7\u0131k olmuyor. Burada eri\u015fim kimlik, yetki ve kurallarla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u015firketlerin ve kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n kendi kapal\u0131 i\u00e7 yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, belge payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli ileti\u015fimi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Ama bug\u00fcn devletler bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in de benimsemeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde intranet kullanan \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda \u00c7in, \u0130ran, Kuzey Kore ve k\u0131smen Rusya \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor; ancak kullan\u0131m \u015fekilleri farkl\u0131. \u00c7in ve \u0130ran, intraneti toplumun genel internet eri\u015fimini denetlemek ve y\u00f6nlendirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131yor. Bu iki \u00fclkede devletin izin verdi\u011fi VPN\u2019ler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kullan\u0131c\u0131lar \u201cWWW\u201d (world wide web \/ d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda genel a\u011f) diye bilinen, T\u00fcrkiye’nin de ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu k\u00fcresel a\u011fa ba\u011flanabiliyor.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Kuzey Kore\u2019de ise neredeyse t\u00fcm internet eri\u015fimi intranetle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131. \u0130ran da bunu yapabilir, ancak uluslararas\u0131 web sitelerine eri\u015fim giderek artan say\u0131da \u0130ranl\u0131 i\u015fletme i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor. Bu y\u00fczden \u0130ran kendi internet versiyonunu sunarken, baz\u0131 siteleri engelleyerek ve eri\u015fimi yava\u015flatarak WWW\u2019ye eri\u015fimi s\u0131n\u0131rlama yolunu tercih etti.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n D\u00f6nemin Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Hasan Ruhani 8 Aral\u0131k 2019\u2019da \u00fclkenin internet politikas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131:<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n “Allah’\u0131n izniyle, ulusal bilgi a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6yle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hale getirebilece\u011fiz ki, insanlar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya [d\u0131\u015f internete] \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131na gerek kalmayacak.”<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u0130RAN\u2019IN KATMANLI \u0130NTERNET\u0130: \u201cULUSAL B\u0130LG\u0130 A\u011eI\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n \u00fclkede kurdu\u011fu intranet sistemi \u201cUlusal Bilgi A\u011f\u0131\u201d (SHOMA) olarak biliniyor.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Bu sistemde internet eri\u015fimi katmanlara ayr\u0131l\u0131yor ve ABD devletine ba\u011fl\u0131 Freedom House\u2019a g\u00f6re SHOMA, herkese ayn\u0131 interneti vermiyor. Yani \u0130ran y\u00f6netimi, kimin ne kadar ve hangi sitelere eri\u015febilece\u011fini belirleyebiliyor. Bu da y\u00f6netimin, istemedi\u011fi i\u00e7erikleri engellemesi, yava\u015flatmas\u0131 ya da tamamen kapatmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n B\u00f6ylece yabanc\u0131 uygulamalar yerine yerli uygulamalar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131yor; WhatsApp, Telegram gibi k\u00fcresel uygulamalar yerine \u0130ran\u2019da geli\u015ftirilen mesajla\u015fma uygulamalar\u0131 te\u015fvik ediliyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00fclkede Bale adl\u0131 bir mesajla\u015fma uygulamas\u0131, Snapp adl\u0131 bankac\u0131l\u0131k, Tapsi adl\u0131 ara\u00e7 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rma ve Digikala adl\u0131 e-ticaret uygulamas\u0131 pop\u00fcler.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Ancak \u0130ran d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z uzmanlar bu uygulamalar\u0131n devlet taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6zetlenebilir oldu\u011fundan ve yeterli mahremiyet sa\u011flamayabilece\u011finden endi\u015feli.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n YETK\u0130L\u0130LERE AYRICALIKLI \u201cBEYAZ SIM KART\u201d VER\u0130L\u0130YOR<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Yetkililere verilen ve filtrelenmemi\u015f internet eri\u015fimi sa\u011flayan “beyaz SIM kartlar\u201d ise, kamuoyunda internet konusundaki ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fu derinle\u015ftirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u0130ran\u2019da \u201cbeyaz SIM kartlar\u201d, devletin \u00fcst d\u00fczey yetkililerine, g\u00fcvenlik kurumlar\u0131na ve rejime yak\u0131n ki\u015fi ve kurumlara verilen \u00f6zel, ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 hatlar. Bu SIM kartlar, \u00fclke genelinde internet yava\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ya da tamamen kesildi\u011finde bile kesintisiz ve daha geni\u015f eri\u015fim sa\u011flayabilir; \u00e7o\u011fu zaman sans\u00fcrden etkilenmez veya \u00e7ok daha az etkilenir.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n B\u00f6ylece yetkililer, halk\u0131n eri\u015femedi\u011fi d\u0131\u015f internetle ileti\u015fim kurmaya, mesajla\u015fmaya ve koordinasyon sa\u011flamaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Son internet blokaj\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda da \u0130ran halk\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle \u00e7evrimd\u0131\u015f\u0131yken, \u00fclkenin dini lideri Ayetullah Ali Hamaney X (eski Twitter) \u00fczerinden payla\u015f\u0131mlar yapmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Hamaney sadece bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde ABD ve Donald Trump\u2019la ilgili en az 12 payla\u015f\u0131m yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Benzer \u015fekilde enerji \u015febekeleri ve ula\u015f\u0131m sistemleri gibi kritik altyap\u0131 sistemleri de genellikle ayr\u0131 a\u011flarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n SHOMA sisteminin merkezinde \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 ulusal telekom\u00fcnikasyon firmas\u0131 var. Ancak bilindi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla \u00fclkede \u00fc\u00e7 mobil veri sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 var ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet son kesintide bunlara kapanma emri vermi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u0130NTERNET\u0130 KESMEK KOLAYLA\u015eTI<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u0130ran, internete eri\u015fimi engellemek i\u00e7in DNS (internet sitelerinin bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran yap\u0131) kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma, BGP (internet trafi\u011fine hangi yoldan gidece\u011fini g\u00f6steren trafik levhalar\u0131 gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir) kontrol\u00fc, derin i\u00e7erik filtreleme ve k\u00fcresel a\u011fa eri\u015fim noktalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n fiziksel olarak kesilmesi gibi bir dizi y\u00f6ntem kullan\u0131yor. Son kesintide tam olarak hangi y\u00f6ntemin izlendi\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u00d6te yandan, bir \u00fclkenin altyap\u0131s\u0131 ne kadar kapsaml\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitliyse, dijital karartma s\u00fcreci de o kadar karma\u015f\u0131k hale geliyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin 2019\u2019daki protestolar s\u0131ras\u0131nda internet kesintisi yapmak \u0130ran y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in de muhtemelen daha zordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu \u201cpar\u00e7a par\u00e7a, \u015fehir \u015fehir\u201d yap\u0131lmak zorundayd\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n O d\u00f6nemde WIRED\u2019a konu\u015fan internet g\u00f6zlem grubu NetBlocks\u2019un kurucusu Alp Toker, \u0130ranl\u0131 yetkililerin \u00fclkenin gelen ve giden trafi\u011fini tamamen engellemesinin yakla\u015f\u0131k 24 saat s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc sistemde ise ayn\u0131 \u015fey saniyeler i\u00e7inde, \u00fclke genelinde yap\u0131labiliyor. Bu da devletin kontrol g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ok artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Ge\u00e7en hafta Fox News\u2019e konuyla ilgili a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda bulunan Toker, \u0130ran\u2019da bug\u00fcnk\u00fc sistemden \u201ctek bir kapatma d\u00fc\u011fmesi\u201d diye s\u00f6z etti.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n “Art\u0131k t\u00fcm bunlar\u0131 tek ad\u0131ml\u0131 bir operasyona d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini biliyoruz.\u201d<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n ULUSAL S\u0130STEM DE KAPATILDI: 10 M\u0130LYON \u0130RANLININ GE\u00c7\u0130M KAYNA\u011eI<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u0130ran\u2019da son protestolarda d\u0131\u015fa kapal\u0131 Ulusal Bilgi A\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da kapanmas\u0131, yani \u0130ranl\u0131lar\u0131n t\u00fcmden internetsiz ve hatta mobil \u015febekesiz kalmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekici.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u0130ran k\u00f6kenli dijital haklar uzman\u0131 Amir Rashidi, 9 Ocak\u2019ta X hesab\u0131ndan, \u201c\u00c7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede hi\u00e7bir cep telefonunda sinyal kalmad\u0131; telefon g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesi yapmak veya SMS g\u00f6ndermek bile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra, \u0130ran’\u0131n intranet a\u011f\u0131 olan Ulusal Bilgi A\u011f\u0131 da kesildi. Ayr\u0131ca, hepimizin etkisiz oldu\u011funu bildi\u011fimiz Starlink’e kar\u015f\u0131 GPS sinyalini bozmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar, ilk kez b\u00f6yle bir \u00f6nleme ba\u015fvurdular\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda bulundu.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u201cCep telefonu sinyali \u015fimdi geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc, ancak hi\u00e7bir telefonda veri eri\u015fimi yok. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, Ulusal Bilgi A\u011f\u0131 hala \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor ve intranet altyap\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yerel hizmetler bile \u00e7evrimd\u0131\u015f\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Halihaz\u0131rda ekonomi talepleriyle protestolar s\u00fcrerken, bu \u015fekilde t\u00fcmden internet kesintisi yapmak y\u00fcksek ekonomik maliyetler do\u011furabilir.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u00d6nceki y\u0131llarda internet kesintilerinin saatte yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,5 milyon dolara mal oldu\u011fu tahmin ediliyor. 2025 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise sava\u015f ve g\u00fcvenlik politikalar\u0131n\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesintilerin, \u00fclkeye en az 12,7 milyar dolarl\u0131k sanayi ve hizmet geliri kayb\u0131na mal olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u0130leti\u015fim Bakan\u0131 Satar Ha\u015femi, 10 milyondan fazla \u0130ranl\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan dijital alana ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu kabul etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n SON DURUM NE?<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u0130ran\u2019da internetin durumunu g\u00f6zlemleyen Filterbaan derne\u011fine g\u00f6re, \u0130ran Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu (IBRC), 12 Ocak sabah\u0131 \u201cUlusal \u0130nternet \u00dczerinden Eri\u015filebilen Temel Siteler” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir liste yay\u0131nlad\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Bu liste yerel arama motorlar\u0131, haritalar ve navigasyon, yerel haber ajanslar\u0131, video hizmetleri ve ETA, Rubika, Soroush Plus ve Yes gibi yerel mesajla\u015fma hizmetlerini i\u00e7eriyor.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Ancak SHOMA adl\u0131 yerel a\u011f\u0131n kesintisiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair net bir bulgu yok. Ayr\u0131ca derne\u011fe g\u00f6re bu liste h\u00fck\u00fcmetin interneti en az\u0131ndan \u015fimdilik protestolar \u00f6ncesi durumuna d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme niyetinde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n